{"id":4060,"date":"2021-12-04T21:46:55","date_gmt":"2021-12-04T21:46:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/?p=4060"},"modified":"2021-12-04T21:46:55","modified_gmt":"2021-12-04T21:46:55","slug":"leonardo-da-vinci-mandria-italienilor-patrimoniul-universal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/foredu.ro\/en\/leonardo-da-vinci-mandria-italienilor-patrimoniul-universal\/","title":{"rendered":"LEONARDO DA VINCI-m\u00e2ndria italienilor, patrimoniul universal"},"content":{"rendered":"
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de Beatrice Anisoiu<\/div>\n
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Repere biografice:<\/b>1452-1519, originar din Vinci, Toscana, pe teritoriul Medici \u0219i al Republicii Floren\u021ba.<\/span><\/div>\n
Via\u021ba \u0219i operele artistului \u0219i omului de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 Leonardo da Vinci continu\u0103 s\u0103 ne fascineze, de\u0219i au trecut peste 500 de ani de la dispari\u021bia sa. Polimat italian din \u00cenalta Rena\u0219tere, a activat ca pictor, sculptor, inginer, om de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, teoretician, geolog, muzician \u0219i architect.<\/span><\/div>\n
Formarea sa intelectual\u0103 a \u00eenceput \u00een Floren\u021ba, ca ucenic al unui renumit sculptor \u0219i pictor –\u00a0Andrea del Verrocchio<\/b>, apoi a continuat s\u0103 se perfec\u021bioneze la Milano, Roma, iar, la b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021be, s-a retras \u00een Fran\u021ba.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen timp ce faima sa s-a bazat ini\u021bial pe realiz\u0103rile sale de pictor, da Vinci a devenit cunoscut \u0219i pentru caietele sale; acestea con\u021bin studii f\u0103cute de marele geniu \u00een diferite domenii, ele \u00eenregistr\u00e2nd peste 13.000 de pagini. \u00censemn\u0103rile cuprind toate interesele \u0219i experimentele acestui autodidact, pornind de la matematic\u0103 la ma\u0219ini zbur\u0103toare, ajung\u00e2nd la cercet\u0103ri f\u0103cute asupra mi\u0219c\u0103rii planetelor sau asupra corpului uman.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Inven\u021biile \u0219i capodoperele lui Leonardo da Vinci<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\u0218tiin\u021ba r\u0103zboiului \u0219i ingineria<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Inven\u021biile \u0219i ideile sale ocup\u0103 un loc important \u00een istoria \u0219tiin\u021bei \u0219i tehnologiei, anticip\u00e2nd descoperirile lui Galileo Galilei \u0219i Isaac Newton. Chiar \u0219i cele mai nebune\u0219ti calcule ale sale, cum ar fi planul de a proteja Vene\u021bia cu o echip\u0103 de scafandri subacvatici care purtau aparat de respira\u021bie, aveau poten\u021bial, de\u0219i au mai trecut c\u00e2teva secole, p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd au ap\u0103rut echipamentele de scufundare.<\/span><\/div>\n
De asemenea, o mare parte din inven\u021biile lui erau destinate uzului militar. Cea mai faimoas\u0103 ma\u0219in\u0103 de r\u0103zboi a sa este vehiculul blindat, numit \u0219i \u201etancul lui Leonardo\u201d<\/i>, dar nu a fost folosit niciodat\u0103 din cauza manevrabilit\u0103\u021bii sale slabe.<\/span><\/div>\n
A dezvoltat o mare varietate de arme, a proiectat utilaje, at\u00e2t terestre, c\u00e2t \u0219i de ap\u0103, precum \u0219i versiuni mari de arme de m\u00e2n\u0103. Tot el proiecteaz\u0103 prima ma\u0219in\u0103 de zburat, o para\u0219ut\u0103, a \u00eentocmit schi\u021be de poduri, dar a creat \u0219i o a\u0219a-zis\u0103 mitralier\u0103 (arma avea trei r\u00e2nduri de elemente de tragere, a c\u00e2te 11 \u021bevi; dup\u0103 ce era efectuat\u0103 o prim\u0103 tragere, prin utilizarea unui r\u00e2nd de \u021bevi, acestea erau \u021binute \u00een repaus, pentru r\u0103cire, urm\u00e2nd ca al doilea \u0219i apoi al treilea r\u00e2nd de \u021bevi s\u0103 fie folosite pentru tragere).<\/span><\/div>\n
Nu \u00een ultimul r\u00e2nd, Leonardo da Vinci era pasionat de geometrie, dar mai ales, de anatomie. Leonardo a c\u0103p\u0103tat primele no\u021biuni de anatomie, pe c\u00e2nd \u00ee\u0219i f\u0103cea ucenicia \u00een atelierul maestrului s\u0103u Verrocchio. Acesta insista fa\u021b\u0103 de ucenicii s\u0103i asupra importan\u021bei studiului anatomiei umane. \u00cen calitate de artist, pasionat de anatomie, Leonardo a devenit repede un adev\u0103rat specialist \u00een \u201eanatomie topografic\u0103\u201d<\/i>. A realizat astfel o mul\u021bime de studii, const\u00e2nd \u00een desene am\u0103nun\u021bite de mu\u0219chi, tendoane \u0219i alte detalii anatomice vizibile.<\/span><\/div>\n
Devenit ulterior artist de renume, i s-a acordat permisiunea de a face disec\u021bie pe cadavre la Spitalul Santa Maria Nuova din Floren\u021ba, \u0219i ulterior \u00een spitale din Milano \u0219i Roma. Se poate spune c\u0103 Leonardo a contribuit \u0219i la cuno\u0219tin\u021bele medicale.<\/span><\/div>\n
Pasiunea sa pentru anatomie se reg\u0103se\u0219te \u0219i \u00eentr-unul dintre cele mai faimoase desene ale sale. \u00cei cunoa\u0219te\u021bi numele?<\/span><\/div>\n
Este vorba despre\u00a0Omul vitruvian<\/b>. Este un studiu al propor\u021biilor corpului uman, realizat din textele arhitecturale ale lui Vitruvius, un arhitect al Romei antice, din care desenul \u00ee\u0219i ia numele. Acesta a consemnat c\u0103 trupul ideal ar trebui s\u0103 aib\u0103 o \u00een\u0103l\u021bime de opt capete. Desenul lui Leonardo este denumit \u00een onoarea arhitectului.<\/span><\/div>\n
Capodoperele pictorului Leonardo da Vinci<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
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A devenit celebru prin cel mai faimos portret al s\u0103u. \u0218ti\u021bi cum se cheam\u0103?<\/span><\/div>\n
Este vorba despre\u00a0Gioconda<\/b>, cunoscut\u0103 \u0219i sub numele de\u00a0Mona Lisa<\/b>. Este considerat\u0103 cea mai faimoas\u0103 oper\u0103 de art\u0103 din lume \u0219i atrage mii de vizitatori la Muzeul Luvru, \u00een Fran\u021ba. Personajul transpune portretul Lisei Gherardini, so\u021bia unui negustor florentin, Francesco di Bartolomeo del Giocondo, de unde \u0219i numele operei. Se spune c\u0103 pictorul s-a \u00eendr\u0103gostit de crea\u021bia sa \u0219i nu a v\u00e2ndut-o negustorului, mai mult de at\u00e2t, da Vinci o purta cu sine \u00een toate c\u0103l\u0103toriile sale, ca pe un obiect pre\u021bios de suflet.<\/span><\/div>\n
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O alt\u0103 capodoper\u0103 a sa a fost\u00a0Cina cea de tain\u0103<\/b>, comandat\u0103 de Ludovico Sforza, duce de Milano \u0219i patronul lui Leonardo, \u00een timpul primei sale \u0219ederi \u00een acel ora\u0219, pentru m\u0103n\u0103stirea dominican\u0103 Santa Maria delle Grazie.<\/span><\/div>\n
Compozi\u021bional,\u00a0Cina cea de Tain\u0103<\/b>\u00a0a fost construit\u0103 dup\u0103 ra\u021bionamente aproape matematice. Apostolii au fost \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bi\u021bi \u00een patru grupuri de c\u00e2te trei, dispuse dou\u0103 la dreapta \u0219i dou\u0103 la st\u00e2nga lui Isus, care se afl\u0103 \u00een centru. Spre a fi mai proeminent, Isus a fost situat \u00een dreptul unei ferestre prin care se vede un peisaj cu orizontul foarte cobor\u00e2t, av\u00e2nd deci ca fundal cerul. Se spune c\u0103 portretul lui Isus este chipul din tinere\u021be al lui Leonardo da Vinci care era de o frumuse\u021be aparte.<\/span><\/div>\n
Un alt tablou renumit este\u00a0Salvator Mundi<\/b>, o pictur\u0103 a lui Hristos, M\u00e2ntuitorul lumii, atribuit\u0103 de majoritatea cercet\u0103torilor lui Leonardo da Vinci, de la redescoperirea sa \u00een 2005. Tabloul a fost v\u00e2ndut la licita\u021bie pentru un record de 450,3 milioane de dolari.<\/span><\/div>\n
De o frumuse\u021be aparte, \u00eens\u0103, este\u00a0\u201eDama cu hermin\u0103\u201d<\/b>, tablou care transpune pe frumoasa Cecilia Gallerani, amanta lui Ludocico Sfoza din Milano, cunoscut sub numele de Il Moro, protectorul lui Leonardo. Se pare c\u0103 \u00een momentul realizarii portretului, Cecilia avea \u00een jur de 16 ani. Se presupune c\u0103 aceasta \u021bine \u00een bra\u021be o hermin\u0103 din trei motive: amantul s\u0103u fusese ridicat \u00een Ordinul Herminei de c\u0103tre Ferdinand I, hermina era simbolul virtu\u021bii \u0219i purit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i, \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it, era un joc de cuvinte, deoarece hermina \u00een limba greac\u0103 se spunea\u00a0\u201egalee\u201d<\/i>, iar acest\u0103 denumire era foarte apropiat\u0103 de numele Ceciliei Gallerani. Cecilia Gallerani, a fost curtat\u0103 de Sforza nu doar pentru frumuse\u021bea ei, c\u00e2t pentru inteligen\u021ba ei sclipitoare, fiind o t\u00e2n\u0103r\u0103 cult\u0103 \u0219i foarte frumoas\u0103. Tabloul \u201eDama cu hermin\u0103\u201d<\/b>\u00a0a fost pictat \u00een ulei, pe panou de lemn \u0219i se afl\u0103 expus \u00een Muzeul Czartoryski din Cracovia.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Ce nu \u0219tia\u021bi despre Da Vinci\u2026<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
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\uf0a7 Numele s\u0103u de mijloc era Davinci, dar a ajuns s\u0103 se despart\u0103. Da Vinci, \u00een italian\u0103 \u00eenseamn\u0103 \u201edin Vinci<\/i>\u201d, adic\u0103 denot\u0103 locul de origine al persoanei. Vinci este un ora\u0219 situat la c\u00e2\u021biva kilometri vest de Floren\u021ba, Italia.<\/span><\/div>\n
\uf0a7 Leonardo a fost st\u00e2ngaci \u0219i dislexic. \u00cen calitate de scriitor st\u00e2ngaci, el a luat noti\u021be de la dreapta la st\u00e2nga \u00eentr-o tehnic\u0103 cunoscut\u0103 sub numele de \u201escriere \u00een oglind\u0103\u201d, pe care ar fi utilizat-o \u00een \u00eencercarea de a p\u0103stra notele sale ilizibile.<\/span><\/div>\n
\uf0a7 Printre numeroasele sale abilit\u0103\u021bi, se remarc\u0103 abilitatea de a scrie cu o m\u00e2n\u0103 \u0219i de a desena \u00een acela\u0219i timp cu cealalt\u0103. Leonardo \u0219i-a folosit m\u00e2na dreapt\u0103 pentru a desena \u0219i st\u00e2nga pentru a scrie.<\/span><\/div>\n
\uf0a7 S-a descoperit, prin studierea caietelor sale, c\u0103 da Vinci a invocat sisteme unice de luare de noti\u021be. Astfel, s-au constatat c\u0103 avea numeroase \u201eTO DO<\/b>\u201d, liste de sarcini. Lista de sarcini a lui Da Vinci era incredibil\u0103, avea at\u00e2t de multe de f\u0103cut, de studiat, \u00eenc\u00e2t nu \u00eei ajungea \u00eentreaga via\u021b\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\uf0a7 \u00cen lucrarea \u201e\u00a0Leonardo’s Brain: Understanding Da Vinci’s Creative Genius\u201d,<\/i>\u00a0Leonard Shlain exploreaz\u0103 via\u021ba, arta \u0219i mintea lui Leonardo da Vinci. Analiz\u00e2nd caietele geniului, Shlain a observat pe una din pagini c\u00e2teva noti\u021be pe care le red\u0103 astfel: \u201e\u00ce\u0219i aminte\u0219te s\u0103 ob\u021bin\u0103 un craniu, s\u0103-\u0219i lege c\u0103r\u021bile de anatomie, s\u0103 observe g\u0103urile din substan\u021ba creierului, s\u0103 descrie limba cioc\u0103nitorului \u0219i maxilarul unui crocodil \u0219i s\u0103 ia m\u0103sura unui mort, omul folosindu-\u0219i degetul ca unitate. \u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
\uf0a7 \u00cen setea sa de cunoa\u0219tere, Leonardo era ca un copil mic care \u00eentreab\u0103 la nesf\u00e2r\u0219it \u201eDe ce?<\/i>\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
\uf0a7 Omul da Vinci era strict vegetarian, numindu-i pe omnivori \u201em\u00e2nc\u0103tori de cadavre\u201d.<\/span><\/div>\n
\uf0a7 Se pare c\u0103 nu a avut niciodat\u0103 o rela\u021bie cu femei, cu excep\u021bia prieteniei sale cu Cecilia Gallerani. \u0218i-a p\u0103strat secret via\u021ba privat\u0103, acesta, p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u0219itul vie\u021bii, a r\u0103mas singur \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 copii.<\/span><\/div>\n
\uf0a7 Era un b\u0103rbat stilat, \u00eei pl\u0103cea s\u0103 confec\u021bioneze costume, av\u00e2nd o preferin\u021b\u0103 pentru culoarea roz.<\/span><\/div>\n
\uf0a7 Leonardo da Vinci a inventat dispozitive de decor pentru teatru \u0219i chiar a conceput decoruri pentru mai multe produc\u021bii. De asemenea, a proiectat care alegorice pentru diverse ocazii festive.<\/span><\/div>\n
\uf0a7 \u00cen ultimii trei ani din via\u021b\u0103, Leonardo a plecat s\u0103 locuiasc\u0103 \u00een Fran\u021ba. \u00cen 1515, regele Francis I l-a invitat pe Leonardo la casa regal\u0103 de var\u0103, Ch\u00e2teau du Clos Luc\u00e9, l\u00e2ng\u0103 Amboise.T\u00e2n\u0103rul rege francez \u00eel angajase pe maestrul Rena\u0219terii ca \u201ePrimul pictor, inginer \u0219i arhitect al regelui\u201d.<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
\uf0a7 Leonardo da Vinci a murit la v\u00e2rsta de 67 de ani. Potrivit unei legende, Leonardo da Vinci ar fi murit \u00een bra\u021bele regelui francez Francis I.<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Resurse \u0219i link-uri utilizate:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\u2022 Walter Isaacson, Leonardo da Vinci, Editura Publica, 2018;<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2022 Michael White, Leonardo Da Vinci, Biografia Unui Geniu, Editura Carte Pentru Toti, 2018;<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0https:\/\/rightmindmatters.blogspot.com\/…\/leonardos-brain…<\/a>;<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/…\/leonardo-da-vinci…<\/a>;<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Leonardo-da-Vinci<\/a>;<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2022\u00a0https:\/\/www.biography.com\/artist\/leonardo-da-vinci<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

de Beatrice Anisoiu Repere biografice:1452-1519, originar din Vinci, Toscana, pe teritoriul Medici \u0219i al Republicii Floren\u021ba. Via\u021ba \u0219i operele artistului … <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4063,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nLEONARDO DA VINCI-m\u00e2ndria italienilor, patrimoniul universal - For Edu - \u00cempreun\u0103 d\u0103m via\u021b\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/foredu.ro\/en\/leonardo-da-vinci-mandria-italienilor-patrimoniul-universal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"LEONARDO DA VINCI-m\u00e2ndria italienilor, patrimoniul universal - For Edu - \u00cempreun\u0103 d\u0103m via\u021b\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"de Beatrice Anisoiu Repere biografice:1452-1519, originar din Vinci, Toscana, pe teritoriul Medici \u0219i al Republicii Floren\u021ba. 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