{"id":4096,"date":"2021-12-04T22:33:36","date_gmt":"2021-12-04T22:33:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/?p=4096"},"modified":"2021-12-04T22:33:36","modified_gmt":"2021-12-04T22:33:36","slug":"costache-negruzzi-primul-prozator-realist-al-literaturii-romane","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/foredu.ro\/en\/costache-negruzzi-primul-prozator-realist-al-literaturii-romane\/","title":{"rendered":"COSTACHE NEGRUZZI \u2013 primul prozator realist al literaturii rom\u00e2ne"},"content":{"rendered":"
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de Beatrice Anisoiu<\/div>\n
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Repere biografice:\u00a0<\/b>s-a n\u0103scut \u00een anul 1808 \u00een apropierea Prutului, l\u00e2ng\u0103 Ia\u0219i, \u0219i va deceda la v\u00e2rsta de 60 de ani. A fost un om politic \u015fi scriitor rom\u00e2n din perioada pa\u015foptist\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
Fiul unui boier de origine r\u0103z\u0103\u0219easc\u0103, r\u0103m\u00e2ne de timpuriu f\u0103r\u0103 mam\u0103 \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i va \u00eenso\u021bi tat\u0103l pretutindeni. Astfel, izbucnind revolu\u021bia din 1821, s-a refugiat \u00een Basarabia cu tat\u0103l s\u0103u unde, la Chi\u0219in\u0103u, face cuno\u0219tin\u021b\u0103 cu poetul rus Aleksandr Sergheevici Pu\u0219kin, acesta fiind \u0219i cel care \u00eei treze\u0219te interesul pentru literatur\u0103. Dup\u0103 moartea tat\u0103lui s\u0103u, r\u0103mas orfan la v\u00e2rsta de 18 ani, intr\u0103 copist la vistierie, \u00eencep\u00e2nd astfel via\u021ba politic\u0103, cum f\u0103ceau mul\u021bi fii de boieri pe atunci.<\/span><\/div>\n
Autodidact, \u00eensetat de cunoa\u0219tere, interesul t\u00e2n\u0103rului pentru lectur\u0103 cre\u0219te permanent, fapt ce va duce \u0219i la dorin\u021ba de a scrie. Negruzzi va debuta cu traduceri din literatura francez\u0103: Voltaire, La Fontaine, Victor Hugo, Moliere, \u00eens\u0103, cu timpul, va scrie \u00een toate genurile: poezie, proz\u0103, dramaturgie, epistole \u0219i memorialistic\u0103, iar lucr\u0103rile sale vor fi publicate \u00een tipografiile, revistele \u0219i ziarele din Bucure\u0219ti, Ia\u0219i \u0219i Bra\u0219ov.<\/span><\/div>\n
Operele \u00een proz\u0103 sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163ite \u00een trei grupe, botezate cu titlul general de\u00a0P\u0103catele tinere\u0163elor<\/i>\u00a0(1857). \u00cen prima intr\u0103\u00a0Amintirile din june\u0163e<\/i>, c\u00e2teva povestiri, din care unele cu caracter personal, de exemplu\u00a0Zoe\u00a0<\/i>(1829) \u015fi\u00a0O alergare de cai<\/i>\u00a0(1840). A scris \u015fi poezii originale, dar acestea nu sunt partea cea mai str\u0103lucit\u0103 din opera lui, \u00eens\u0103, cea mai \u00eensemnat\u0103 lucrare \u00een versuri este poemul\u00a0Aprodul Purice<\/i>. Dintre fragmentele care alc\u0103tuiesc grupa a doua, cea mai \u00eensemnat\u0103 lucrare este \u201eAlexandru L\u0103pu\u015fneanul\u201d<\/i>, iar a treia grup\u0103 din scrierile lui Negruzzi o formeaz\u0103\u00a0Scrisorile,<\/i>\u00a0peste 30 de buc\u0103\u0163i. \u00cen unele se g\u0103sesc observ\u0103ri critice \u015fi satirice asupra obiceiurilor societ\u0103\u0163ii; \u00een alte noti\u0163e despre diferi\u0163i scriitori contemporani lui, \u00een alte amintiri personale sau povestiri din istoria \u0163\u0103rii.<\/span><\/div>\n
1840 este anul de str\u0103lucire a literelor \u0219i culturii rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti; Negruzzi, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Vasile Alecsandri \u0219i Mihail Kog\u0103lniceanu, face parte din Comitetul teatral din Ia\u0219i \u0219i pe parcursul a patru ani ace\u0219tia vor coordona intens activitatea cultural\u0103 din Moldova, c\u0103ut\u00e2nd s\u0103 impun\u0103 \u00een repertoriul actoricesc piese rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti, pe \u00een\u021belesul publicului majoritar. De aici, porne\u0219te \u0219i imboldul de a scrie teatru fiindc\u0103 nu exista un repertoriu na\u021bional.<\/span><\/div>\n
De asemenea, anul 1840 este marcat \u0219i de un mare eveniment cultural: apari\u021bia \u201eDaciei literare\u201d<\/i>, revist\u0103 al c\u0103rei program \u00eel anun\u021ba Mihail Kog\u0103lniceanu \u00een binecunoscuta-i Introduc\u021bie. Costache Negruzzi este implicat direct \u00een activitatea jurnalistic\u0103, f\u0103c\u00e2nd parte din grupul redac\u021bional, el devenind sus\u021bin\u0103tor al programului na\u021bional de dezvoltare a civiliza\u021biei, a culturii \u0219i literaturii rom\u00e2ne. \u00cenc\u0103 din primul num\u0103r al revistei va publica dou\u0103 articole despre frumuse\u021bea \u0219i bog\u0103\u021bia spiritual\u0103 a \u021b\u0103ranului rom\u00e2n descoperit\u0103 prin cunoa\u0219terea c\u00e2ntecelor populare – \u201eScene pitore\u0219ti din obiceiurile Moldaviei\u201d\u00a0<\/i>\u0219i \u201eC\u00e2ntece populare a Moldaviei\u201d<\/i>. Tot acum public\u0103 nuvela istoric\u0103, capodopera sa,\u00a0\u201eAlexandru L\u0103pu\u0219neanul\u201d\u00a0<\/b><\/i>considerat\u0103 \u00een epoc\u0103 o ilustra\u021bie creatoare a programului na\u021bional enun\u021bat de Kog\u0103lniceanu. Aceast\u0103 scriere va r\u0103m\u00e2ne p\u00e2n\u0103 ast\u0103zi capul de serie al nuvelistice istorice rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti, model al speciei. Despre valoarea acestei scrieri, peste ani, va scrie marele istoric \u0219i critic literar, George C\u0103linescu care a afirmat c\u0103 ,,nuvela ar fi devenit o scriere celebr\u0103 ca \u0219i Hamlet, dac\u0103 literatura rom\u00e2n\u0103 ar fi avut \u00een ajutor prestigiul unei limbi universale\u201d.<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
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Ce nu \u0219tia\u021bi despre Costache Negruzzi…<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Costache Negruzzi \u0219i-a \u00eenceput studiile, dup\u0103 obiceiul familiilor cu stare bun\u0103, cu profesori \u00een cas\u0103. De copil, Negruzzi s-a dovedit a fi o minte ascu\u021bit\u0103 \u0219i cu un spirit critic matur c\u0103ruia \u00eei pl\u0103cea s\u0103 descifreze singur tainele c\u0103r\u021bilor. Dac\u0103 este s\u0103 credem m\u0103rturisirile din opera \u201eCum am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat rom\u00e2ne\u0219te\u201d<\/i>, Negruzzi a \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 \u00een limba matern\u0103 dup\u0103 o experien\u021b\u0103 nereu\u0219it\u0103 cu dasc\u0103lul Socoleanu (nume \u201etravestit\u201d din necesit\u0103\u021bi literare). Iat\u0103 povestea lui: la v\u00e2rsta de 12-13 ani, de\u0219i era cunosc\u0103tor de limba greac\u0103 \u0219i francez\u0103, cititor \u00eenfocat al lui Homer \u0219i Euripide \u0219i familiarizat cu operele lui Platon \u0219i Aristotel, b\u0103iatul nu \u0219tia, \u00eens\u0103, s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 \u00een limba rom\u00e2n\u0103, din acest motiv tat\u0103l hot\u0103r\u0103\u0219te ca Negruzzi s\u0103 mearg\u0103 la Seminarul de la Socola unde asist\u0103 la mai multe ore: geografie, istorie \u0219i limba rom\u00e2n\u0103. Dintre toate materiile la care a luat parte, \u00een calitate de auditor, cel mai mult \u00eel uime\u0219te ora de gramatic\u0103 a limbii rom\u00e2ne, \u021binut\u0103 de un cunoscut \u0219i \u201eerudit\u201d profesor care demonstreaz\u0103 \u00een fa\u021ba grupului, cu ajutorul unui elev, c\u00e2t de dificil\u0103 este gramatica limbii noastre \u00een care acela\u0219i cuv\u00e2nt se poate scrie \u00een trei feluri, dup\u0103 \u00een\u021belesul pe care \u00eel are. Entuziasma\u021bi de erudi\u021bia profesorului, at\u00e2t tat\u0103l c\u00e2t \u0219i fiul con\u0219tientizeaz\u0103 c\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 se apuce de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103. \u00cen acest sens, p\u0103rintele \u00eel va chema acas\u0103 pe b\u0103tr\u00e2nul profesor ca s\u0103 dea lec\u021bii de limba rom\u00e2n\u0103 fiului s\u0103u, Constantin, de trei ori pe s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cenc\u00e2ntat c\u0103 va primi \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103 de la un dasc\u0103l foarte \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat, copilul a\u0219teapt\u0103 cu emo\u021bie prima \u00eent\u00e2lnire cu acesta. Dornic spre a cunoa\u0219te \u0219i \u00een\u021belege c\u00e2t mai repede tainele limbii materne, elevul \u00ee\u0219i a\u0219teapt\u0103 dasc\u0103lulul cu emo\u021bie. Profesorul, \u00eens\u0103, \u00ee\u0219i \u00eencepe ora cu no\u021biuni elementare cum ar fi alfabetul \u0219i \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea literelor pe sunete, preciz\u00e2ndu-i c\u0103, p\u00e2n\u0103 la viitoarea \u00eent\u00e2lnire, el trebuia s\u0103 \u0219tie pe de rost alfabetul. Decep\u021bionat de modul pueril \u00een care profesorul hot\u0103r\u00e2se s\u0103-l \u00eenve\u021be gramatica, t\u00e2n\u0103rul Constantin \u00eel apostrofeaz\u0103 pe dasc\u0103l pentru batjocura la care l-a supus, d\u00e2ndu-i s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 literele din abecedar, tocmai pe el cel care \u0219tia a citi grece\u0219te, a scrie \u0219i a vorbi fluent fran\u021buze\u0219te: \u201eD-ta vrei s\u0103 m\u0103 batjocore\u0219ti (…) d\u0103-mi o gramatic\u0103, arat\u0103-mi construc\u021bia verbelor, ortografia.<\/i>\u201d Dez\u0103magit, dar mai ales furios, b\u0103iatul arunc\u0103 abecedarul pe mas\u0103 \u0219i dup\u0103 plecarea profesorului r\u0103scole\u0219te \u00een biblioteca tat\u0103lui s\u0103u dup\u0103 c\u0103r\u021bi rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti \u0219i cu ajutorul abecedarului r\u0103mas de la dasc\u0103l izbute\u0219te \u00een doar c\u00e2teva ceasuri s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 scrie rom\u00e2ne\u0219te de unul singur. La a doua \u00eentrevedere cu profesorul, Constantin \u00eel \u00eenm\u0103rmuri cu \u0219tiin\u021ba lui, ba mai mult, ca s\u0103 se r\u0103zbune, b\u0103iatul i-a alc\u0103tuit o serie de \u00eentreb\u0103ri prin care s\u0103-l pun\u0103 \u00een \u00eencurc\u0103tur\u0103:\u00a0\u201eDe unde a luat Adam \u0219i Eva ac \u0219i a\u021b\u0103 de a cusut frunzele de smochin, \u00een vreme ce pe atunci nu era nicio fabric\u0103? Sau pentru ce uneori vara plou\u0103 cu broa\u0219te (…)?\u201d.<\/i>\u00a0ceea ce \u00eel f\u0103cu pe profesor s\u0103 ias\u0103 pe u\u0219\u0103, nemai\u00eendr\u0103znind s\u0103 vin\u0103 la o alt\u0103 \u00eent\u00e2lnire.<\/span><\/div>\n
Maturul Constantin Negruzzi a apreciat toate bunurile lumii civilizate, se \u00eembr\u0103ca dup\u0103 moda nem\u021beasc\u0103, iubea teatrul, opera francez\u0103 \u0219i italian\u0103, citea cu o pl\u0103cere aparte pe Victor Hugo, adora s\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103toreasc\u0103, prefer\u00e2nd sta\u021biunile baleneare din Europa.<\/span><\/div>\n
S-a dovedit a fi \u0219i un spirit \u201eeuropean\u201d, \u00eens\u0103, era \u0219i \u00eempotriva \u201eciviliza\u021biei\u201d atunci c\u00e2nd era vorba de poporul rom\u00e2n, \u00een mare parte alc\u0103tuit din oameni simpli. Se spune c\u0103 atunci c\u00e2nd un \u021b\u0103ran l-a \u00eentrebat dac\u0103 nu ar fi mai bine s\u0103-\u0219i dea copiii pe la \u0219coli \u00eenalte, Negruzzi i-ar fi r\u0103spuns: \u201eS\u0103-i da\u021bi la dasc\u0103lul din sat s\u0103-i \u00eenve\u021be limba lor, ca s\u0103 poat\u0103 citi c\u0103r\u021bile cele bune care-i \u00eenva\u021b\u0103 cum s\u0103 cinsteasc\u0103 pre Dumnezeu, pre p\u0103rin\u021bi \u0219i pre mai marii lor(…), cum s\u0103 se fereasc\u0103 de lene \u0219i de be\u021bie, \u0219i prin urmare cum s\u0103 se fac\u0103 buni gospodari \u201d(Scrisoarea XXV, Omul de la \u021bear\u0103).<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen 1840 este ales primar al ora\u015fului Ia\u015fi. Negruzzi nu ia parte la mi\u015fcarea din 1848 \u015fi mult timp r\u0103m\u00e2ne retras din afacerile statului, reintr\u00e2nd mai t\u00e2rziu ca judec\u0103tor, ca membru \u00een Divanul domnesc (1857) \u015fi apoi, sub domnia lui Cuza, ca director al departamentului finan\u0163elor, ca deputat \u015fi ca epitrop la Sf. Spiridon.<\/span><\/div>\n
Se c\u0103s\u0103tore\u0219te \u0219i are patru copiii. Deseori, p\u0103r\u0103se\u0219te locuin\u021ba de la ora\u0219 cu salona\u0219ul plin cu mobile vechi \u0219i cu Rafael pe pere\u021bi pentru a-\u0219i petreace via\u021ba la \u021bar\u0103, la mo\u0219ia sa, unde al\u0103turi de prietenul s\u0103u, c\u00e2inele Bogonos, obi\u0219nuie\u0219te s\u0103 stea \u00een gr\u0103dina plin\u0103 de dalii, garoafe, roze \u0219i mic\u0219unele, fumeg\u00e2nd ciubuce \u0219i b\u00e2nd cafea. \u00cei place s\u0103 m\u00e2n\u00e2nce bine \u0219i se spune c\u0103 m\u00e2ncarea preferat\u0103 erau macaroanele. Pasiunea pentru arta culinar\u0103 se vede \u0219i prin \u00eentreprinderea unui tratat culinar pe care \u00eel alc\u0103tuie\u0219te \u00eempreun\u0103 cu prietenul s\u0103u Mihail Kog\u0103lniceanu. Era v\u00e2n\u0103tor des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it, \u00eempu\u0219ca iepuri, b\u00e2tlani \u0219i ra\u021be s\u0103lbatice. Ca fire era milostiv \u0219i evlavios \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i cl\u0103dise pe mo\u0219ie o biseric\u0103 pe care a pus o cucernic\u0103 inscrip\u021bie:<\/span><\/div>\n
\u201e\u00cen acest l\u0103ca\u0219 de pace, unde domnul se m\u0103re\u0219te<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
Omul \u00eent\u00e2iu se boteaz\u0103, c\u00e2nd se na\u0219te pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt,<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
Apoi cu a lui so\u021bie vine de se \u00eenso\u021be\u0219te,<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen sf\u00e2r\u0219it, aice afl\u0103 lini\u0219te \u00een morm\u00e2nt.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
\u00cen anul 1868, Costache Negruzzi lovit de un atac de apoplexie, va muri dup\u0103 \u00eendelungi chinuri, fiind \u00eenmorm\u00e2ntat pe mo\u0219ia lui.<\/span><\/div>\n
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Resurse \u0219i link-uri utilizate:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Negruzzi Constantin,\u00a0Cum am \u00eenv\u0103\u021bat rom\u00e2ne\u0219te,<\/i>\u00a0Editura Bursucel, Bucure\u0219ti, 1995;<\/span><\/div>\n
Biblioteca critic\u0103,\u00a0Constantin Negruzzi(interpretat)<\/i>, Editura Eminescu, Bucure\u0219ti, 1981;<\/span><\/div>\n
C\u0103linescu George,\u00a0Istoria literaturii rom\u00e2ne de la origini p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent,<\/i>\u00a0Bucure\u0219ti, Editura Minerva, 1985<\/span><\/div>\n
Sion George, \u201eSuvenire contemporane\u201d<\/i>, Bucure\u0219ti, Editura Minerva, 1973, p.269;<\/span><\/div>\n
Leonte Liviu,\u00a0Constantin Negruzzi<\/i>, Bucure\u0219ti, Editura Minerva, 1980;<\/span><\/div>\n
http:\/\/www.istoria.md\/…\/553\/Constantin_Negruzzi,_biografie<\/a>;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constantin_Negruzzi<\/a>.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

de Beatrice Anisoiu Repere biografice:\u00a0s-a n\u0103scut \u00een anul 1808 \u00een apropierea Prutului, l\u00e2ng\u0103 Ia\u0219i, \u0219i va deceda la v\u00e2rsta de … <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4097,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nCOSTACHE NEGRUZZI \u2013 primul prozator realist al literaturii rom\u00e2ne - For Edu - \u00cempreun\u0103 d\u0103m via\u021b\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/foredu.ro\/en\/costache-negruzzi-primul-prozator-realist-al-literaturii-romane\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"COSTACHE NEGRUZZI \u2013 primul prozator 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