{"id":4100,"date":"2021-12-04T22:36:54","date_gmt":"2021-12-04T22:36:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forlife.ro\/?p=4100"},"modified":"2021-12-04T22:36:54","modified_gmt":"2021-12-04T22:36:54","slug":"francois-rabelais-unul-dintre-cele-mai-stralucitoare-condeie-scriitoresti-ale-lumii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/foredu.ro\/en\/francois-rabelais-unul-dintre-cele-mai-stralucitoare-condeie-scriitoresti-ale-lumii\/","title":{"rendered":"FRANCOIS RABELAIS – unul dintre cele mai str\u0103lucitoare condeie scriitore\u0219ti ale lumii"},"content":{"rendered":"
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de Beatrice Anisoiu<\/div>\n
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Repere biografice:\u00a0<\/b>1494-1553, cunoscut \u0219i sub pseudonimul Alcofribas Nasier, anagrama lui Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais, este un scriitor francez umanist, n\u0103scut la La Devini\u00e8re \u00een Seuilly, aproape de Chinon (\u00een fosta provincie Touraine ), Fran\u021ba.<\/span><\/div>\n
C\u0103lug\u0103r \u0219i medic, om de litere, om de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103, om din popor \u0219i curtean abil, Rabelais cunoa\u0219te un succes deosebit \u00eentre contemporanii s\u0103i prin c\u0103r\u021bulia popular\u0103 \u201eMarile \u0219i nepre\u021buitele cronici ale marelui \u0219i enormului uria\u0219 Gargantua\u201d<\/i>, cartea ref\u0103c\u00e2nd \u00eentr-un stil unic firul aventurilor fabuloase \u0219i comice ale unei familii de uria\u0219i puse \u00een scen\u0103 de un autor anonim. La aceasta se adaug\u0103 romanul \u201eGroaznicile \u0219i \u00eensp\u0103im\u00e2nt\u0103toarele fapte \u0219i ispr\u0103vi ale preavestitului Pantagruel, rege al Dipsozilor, fiul lui Gargantua\u201d<\/i>, carte care va fi condamnat\u0103 la t\u0103cere de mai multe ori \u00een epoc\u0103, fiind retras\u0103 publicului de c\u0103tre mai marii Bisericii catolice de la Sorbona.<\/span><\/div>\n
Opera lui Rabelais, dincolo de detaliile comice \u0219i reminiscen\u021bele erudite, reflect\u0103 idei filosofice, \u0219tiin\u021bifice, literare, politice \u0219i pedagogice de o profunzime remarcabil\u0103; ea reprezint\u0103 o enciclopedie \u0219i \u00een acela\u0219i timp cea mai virulent\u0103 satir\u0103 din timpul Rena\u0219terii la adresa abuzurilor, obscurantismului \u0219i despotismului care striveau personalitatea uman\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
Ce nu \u0219tia\u021bi despre Francois Rabelais \u2026.<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Detaliile vie\u021bii lui Rabelais sunt rare \u0219i greu de interpretat. A crescut \u00eentr-un mediu burghez \u0219i a primit o educa\u021bie tradi\u021bional\u0103, medieval\u0103. A fost fiul unui avocat \u0219i mo\u0219ier bogat care s-a implicat \u00een formarea fiului s\u0103u, facilit\u00e2ndu-i accesul la \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103tur\u0103. Foarte devreme, Rabelais devine fascinat de limbile str\u0103vechi, de aceea, va studia cu o pl\u0103cere aparte limbile clasice – latina, elina, ebraica, dar \u0219i pe cele moderne – germana, engleza, italiana, spaniola, olandeza, iar scrierile lui Cicero, Ovidiu \u0219i Platon \u00eel vor marca profund, influien\u021b\u00e2ndu-i g\u00e2ndirea umanist\u0103.<\/span><\/div>\n
A studiat dreptul, dar nu a profesat, a \u00eembr\u0103\u021bi\u0219at cariera de preot, \u00eens\u0103, va fi atras de medicin\u0103, de aceea, va studia la Universitatea din Montpellier, cel mai renumit centru de \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2nt medical de pe atunci, ob\u021bin\u00e2nd diploma \u00een doar dou\u0103 luni. Peste pu\u021bini ani, va deveni parte din corpul profesoral al facult\u0103\u021bii de Medicin\u0103, unde va \u021bine prelegeri str\u0103lucite \u0219i va fi apreciat pentru spiritul s\u0103u liber cuget\u0103tor \u0219i pentru \u00een\u021belegerea ra\u021bional\u0103 a lucrurilor. L-a considerat mentor pe Erasmus din Rotterdam, pe care nu l-a cunoscut personal niciodat\u0103, dar acest fapt nu l-a \u00eempiedicat s\u0103-i trimit\u0103 o scrisoare elogioas\u0103, recunosc\u00e2ndu-i c\u0103 \u201eCeea ce sunt \u0219i ceea ce valorez, am primit numai de la dumneata”.<\/i><\/span><\/div>\n
Francois Rabelais este descris ca un b\u0103rbat potrivit de statur\u0103, cu obraz m\u0103sliniu, must\u0103cioar\u0103 moale, ro\u0219cat\u0103, cu ochi vioi, sc\u0103p\u0103r\u0103tori de inteligen\u021b\u0103. Un om simplu \u0219i deschis, care la v\u00e2rsta de patruzeci de ani devenise deja o personalitate cunoscut\u0103 printre savan\u021bii \u0219i printre litera\u021bii umani\u0219ti din Europa.<\/span><\/div>\n
Portretul posibil al lui Rabelais se poate desprinde din personajul romanului s\u0103u, prietenul sau tov\u0103ra\u0219ul de aventuri al lui Pantagruel, este vorba de Panurge,\u00a0\u201eun alter ego al autorului care se dovede\u0219te a fi o combina\u021bie de student \u0219i de vagabaond, de fapt un vagant, mare me\u0219ter p\u0103c\u0103lici, afemeiat \u0219i chefliu, cam punga\u0219 \u0219i tri\u0219or, dar s\u0103ritor \u0219i mucalit, simpatic \u0219i plin de farmec, cunosc\u0103tor a unui num\u0103r impresionant de limbi clasice \u0219i moderne, care mai mult m\u0103rturise\u0219te c\u0103 este originar din Turena, adic\u0103 \u021binutul natal al lui Rabelais\u201d<\/i>(Romulus Vulpescu \u00een \u201eUimitoarea via\u021b\u0103 a lui Rabelais<\/b>\u201d).<\/span><\/div>\n
De-a lungul vie\u021bii, el a depins de personalit\u0103\u021bi politice puternice (Geoffroy d`Estissac, Guillaume du Bellay, Margareta de Navarra) \u0219i de ecleziastici liberali de rang \u00eenalt: cardinali, episcopi care i-au asigurat protec\u021bie \u00een acele vremuri periculoase \u0219i intolerante din Fran\u021ba secolului XVI.<\/span><\/div>\n
C\u0103rturar interesat de o multitudine de subiecte, Rabelais a fost pasionat de literatur\u0103, de aici \u0219i pl\u0103cerea de a scrie el \u00eensu\u0219i romane. Prima sa lucrare literar\u0103 este romanul \u201eUimitoarea via\u021b\u0103 a lui Pantagruel, feciorul lui Gargantua\u201d,<\/b>\u00a0pe care \u00eel semneaz\u0103 cu pseudonimul\u00a0Alcofrybas Nasier<\/b>. Cartea a doua va ap\u0103rea la o diferen\u021b\u0103 de doar doi ani \u0219i va fi \u201eVia\u021ba extrem\u0103 de \u00eenfrico\u0219\u0103toare a marelui Gargantua, tat\u0103l lui Pantagruel<\/b>\u201d.<\/span><\/div>\n
Despre cele dou\u0103 romane s-a spus c\u0103, \u00eentr-o mare m\u0103sur\u0103, \u201ear fi un fel de autobiografie nem\u0103rturisit\u0103, autobiografie \u00een care amintiri din copil\u0103rie \u0219i din tinere\u021be sunt transfigurate, \u00een alt fel dec\u00e2t la Creang\u0103, \u0219i strecurate dibaci, sub pretextul fantasticului \u0219i al fabulosului<\/i>\u201d(Romulus Vulpescu, \u00een \u201eUimitoarea via\u021b\u0103 a lui Rabelais<\/i>\u201d).<\/span><\/div>\n
Odat\u0103 cu tip\u0103rirea romanului s\u0103u reunit \u00een cartea\u00a0\u201eGargantua \u0219i Pantagruel\u201d<\/b>, Francois Rabelais va \u00eencepe lupta deschis\u0103 pe plan literar a c\u0103rturarului umanist \u00eempotriva teribilei Biserici catolice, lupt\u0103 ce se \u00eenscrie \u00een seria ac\u021biunilor anticatolice ale reformei, marea mi\u0219care social-poitic\u0103 din Europa occidental\u0103 a veacului al XVI-lea, de aceea, a\u0219a cum am mai precizat, operele sale vor fi deseori sabotate.<\/span><\/div>\n
Gigantismul \u00een opera rabelaisian\u0103<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais este un precursor al romanului modern, realist. Prin figura uria\u0219ilor s\u0103i, Pantagruel \u0219i Gargantua, prin firul narativ al crea\u021biei, umanistul combate principiile \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m\u00e2ntului universitar \u00eenapoiat \u0219i stupid, de factur\u0103 medieval\u0103, propun\u00e2nd subtil un sistem educa\u021bional modern, solid \u0219i s\u0103n\u0103tos, dedicat unei culturi de tip renascentist, \u00een care zestrea de cuno\u0219tin\u021be teoretice \u00ee\u0219i caut\u0103 \u0219i \u00ee\u0219i g\u0103se\u0219te verificarea \u00een practica muncii \u0219i a activit\u0103\u021bii omene\u0219ti zilnice.<\/span><\/div>\n
Astfel, prin educa\u021bia pe care o prime\u0219te at\u00e2t Gargantua, c\u00e2t \u0219i Pantagruel, Rabelais ofer\u0103 o alt\u0103 alternativ\u0103 a form\u0103rii intelectuale a oric\u0103rui t\u00e2n\u0103r renascentist: protagoni\u0219tii particip\u0103 la cursuri de \u0219tiin\u021bele naturii, arte \u0219i litere, studii combinate cu vizitele elevului la diferite ateliere me\u0219te\u0219ug\u0103re\u0219ti, de asemenea, nu neglijeaz\u0103 activitatea fizic\u0103, sportul, menit s\u0103 destind\u0103 \u0219i s\u0103 \u00eent\u0103reasc\u0103 trupul, \u00een vederea unei depline \u0219i des\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219ite folosiri a energiei \u00een procesul muncii. Morala c\u0103r\u021bilor sale este bl\u00e2nd\u0103 \u0219i tolerant\u0103, profes\u00e2nd stoicismul, r\u0103bdarea, un fel de contemplare a evenimentelor, pledeaz\u0103 pentru fermitate \u0219i o con\u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 curat\u0103 \u0219i, mai cu seam\u0103, impune vital studiul, pentru c\u0103 numai prin studiu se poate ajunge la cunoa\u0219tere: cunoa\u0219terea c\u0103r\u021bilor, a naturii \u0219i a firii omului.<\/span><\/div>\n
A\u0219adar, romanul rabelaisian nu este numai o dezbatere de idei renascentiste sau un haos de aventuri fantastice, dar \u0219i istoria unor personaje foarte vii, foarte conving\u0103toare, foarte reale; cele trei genera\u021bii de uria\u0219i \u00eentruchipeaz\u0103, de fapt, arborele genealogic patern al individului modern, actual:<\/span><\/div>\n
o bunicul Grandgousier este omul trecutului, un exponent al bunicilor no\u0219tri, omul naiv \u0219i simplu, u\u0219or incult \u0219i poate grosolan, dar plin de respect fa\u021b\u0103 de \u0219tiin\u021b\u0103 \u0219i de manifest\u0103rile spiritului, acesta \u00ee\u0219i trimite copilul s\u0103 \u00eenve\u021be, con\u0219tient fiind c\u0103 educa\u021bia este baza vie\u021bii echilibrate \u0219i prospere;<\/span><\/div>\n
o Gragantua este omul de tranzi\u021bie de la Evul Mediu la timpurile noi ale Rena\u0219terii, el devine simbolul p\u0103rintelui nostru, cel care pune mai presus de orice etica, dreptatea ra\u021biunii \u0219i virtutea, dar \u0219i sinceritatea sufleteasc\u0103;<\/span><\/div>\n
o Pantagruel, adic\u0103 noi, este omul deplin al Rena\u0219terii, a\u0219a cum, de fapt, \u00eel visa \u0219i Rabelais: inteligent, cinstit, drept, \u00eempodobit de virtu\u021bi, dar, mai ales, dornic de cunoa\u0219tere, el \u00eenconjur\u00e2ndu-se de prieteni cul\u021bi, permanent formata\u021bi intelectual, plini de \u00een\u021belepciune.<\/span><\/div>\n
De fapt, acest roman fantastic\u00a0\u201eGargantua \u0219i Pantagruel\u201d<\/b>\u00a0debordeaz\u0103 de vitalitate, este colorat \u0219i plin de verv\u0103, c\u0103ci realismul crud al vie\u021bii personajelor este \u00eempletit cu glume, n\u0103zb\u00e2tii, calambururi, znoave, proverbe. \u201eRabelais \u00ee\u0219i ia epoca de guler \u0219i abordeaz\u0103 problemele de actualitate ale vremii lui\u201d, \u0219i prin extindere \u0219i a noastr\u0103, ia atitudine fa\u021b\u0103 de cenzura \u00eendreptat\u0103 \u00eempotriva ra\u021biunii \u0219i a artei, sugrumarea libert\u0103\u021bii de a g\u00e2ndi \u0219i de a spune f\u0103r\u0103 \u0219ov\u0103ire.<\/span><\/div>\n
Asemeni oric\u0103rui intelectual de pretutindeni \u0219i de oric\u00e2nd, intelectual demn de acest nume, Francois Rabelais refuz\u0103 constr\u00e2ngerea \u0219i amestecul for\u021bei \u00een chestiunile care privesc spiritul \u0219i fantezia, crea\u021bia \u0219i arta.<\/span><\/div>\n
Resurse \u0219i link-uri utilizate:<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
Burt, Daniel S., \u201e100 cei mai mari scriitori ai lumii\u201d, Editura Lider, trad. Anca Irina Ionescu, Bucuresti, 2005;<\/span><\/div>\n
Rabelais, Francois, (coord. Romulus Vulpescu) \u201eGargantua \u0219i Pantagruel\u201d, Editura Ion Creang\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti, 1989;<\/span><\/div>\n
Ion, Angela, coord., \u201e Scriitori francezi\u201d, Editura \u0218tiin\u021bific\u0103 \u0219i Enciclopedic\u0103, Bucure\u0219ti, 1978;<\/span><\/div>\n
Saulnier, V.-L., \u201eLiteratura francez\u0103\u201d, Sinteze-Lyseum, editura albatross, Bucure\u0219ti, 1973;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.larousse.fr\/…\/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais\/140121<\/a>;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.ro.biography.name\/…\/433-francois-rabelais…<\/a>;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.fnac.com\/Francois-Rabelais\/ia165066\/bio<\/a>;<\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/pdfcoffee.com\/100-cei-mai-mari-scriitori-ai-lumii…<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

de Beatrice Anisoiu Repere biografice:\u00a01494-1553, cunoscut \u0219i sub pseudonimul Alcofribas Nasier, anagrama lui Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais, este un scriitor francez umanist, … <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4101,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nFRANCOIS RABELAIS - unul dintre cele mai str\u0103lucitoare condeie scriitore\u0219ti ale lumii - For Edu - \u00cempreun\u0103 d\u0103m via\u021b\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103rii<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/foredu.ro\/en\/francois-rabelais-unul-dintre-cele-mai-stralucitoare-condeie-scriitoresti-ale-lumii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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